Feature 100A: Alignment of Verbal Person Marking by Anna Siewierska This feature is discussed in chapter 100. Related examples are available. Values Neutral (84 languages) Accusative (212 languages) Ergative (19 languages) Active (26 languages) Hierarchical (11 languages) Split (28 languages) Feature 101A: Expression of Pronominal Subjects by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 101. Related examples are available. Values Obligatory pronouns in subject position (82 languages) Subject affixes on verb (437 languages) Subject clitics on variable host (32 languages) Subject pronouns in different position (67 languages) Optional pronouns in subject position (61 languages) Mixed (32 languages) Feature 102A: Verbal Person Marking by Anna Siewierska This feature is discussed in chapter 102. Related examples are available. Values No person marking (82 languages) Only the A argument (73 languages) Only the P argument (24 languages) A or P argument (6 languages) Both the A and P arguments (193 languages) Feature 103A: Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking by Anna Siewierska This feature is discussed in chapter 103. Related examples are available. Values No person marking (96 languages) No zero realization (181 languages) Zero in some 3sg forms (21 languages) Zero in all 3sg forms (45 languages) Zero in all 3rd person forms (36 languages) Zero only in 3rd nonsingular (1 languages) Feature 104A: Order of Person Markers on the Verb by Anna Siewierska This feature is discussed in chapter 104. Related examples are available. Values A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb (187 languages) A precedes P (96 languages) P precedes A (57 languages) Both orders of A and P occur (19 languages) A and P are fused (20 languages) Feature 105A: Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give' by Martin Haspelmath This feature is discussed in chapter 105. Related examples are available. Values Indirect-object construction (189 languages) Double-object construction (83 languages) Secondary-object construction (66 languages) Mixed (40 languages) Feature 106A: Reciprocal Constructions by Elena Maslova and Vladimir P. Nedjalkov This feature is discussed in chapter 106. Related examples are available. Values No reciprocals (16 languages) Distinct from reflexive (99 languages) Mixed (16 languages) Identical to reflexive (44 languages) Feature 107A: Passive Constructions by Anna Siewierska This feature is discussed in chapter 107. Related examples are available. Values Present (162 languages) Absent (211 languages) Feature 108A: Antipassive Constructions by Maria Polinsky This feature is discussed in chapter 108. Related examples are available. Values Implicit patient (18 languages) Oblique patient (30 languages) No antipassive (146 languages) Feature 108B: Productivity of the Antipassive Construction by Maria Polinsky This feature is discussed in chapter 108. Values productive (24 languages) partially productive (14 languages) not productive (2 languages) no antipassive (146 languages) Feature 109A: Applicative Constructions by Maria Polinsky This feature is discussed in chapter 109. Related examples are available. Values Benefactive object; both bases (16 languages) Benefactive object; only transitive (4 languages) Benefactive and other; both bases (49 languages) Benefactive and other; only transitive (2 languages) Non-benefactive object; both bases (9 languages) Non-benefactive object; only transitive (1 languages) Non-benefactive object; only intransitive (2 languages) No applicative construction (100 languages) Feature 109B: Other Roles of Applied Objects by Maria Polinsky This feature is discussed in chapter 109. Values Instrument (17 languages) Locative (18 languages) Instrument and locative (12 languages) No other roles (= Only benefactive) (36 languages) No applicative construction (100 languages) Feature 110A: Periphrastic Causative Constructions by Jae Jung Song This feature is discussed in chapter 110. Related examples are available. Values Sequential but no purposive (35 languages) Purposive but no sequential (68 languages) Both (15 languages) Feature 111A: Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions by Jae Jung Song This feature is discussed in chapter 111. Related examples are available. Values Neither (23 languages) Morphological but no compound (254 languages) Compound but no morphological (9 languages) Both (24 languages) Feature 112A: Negative Morphemes by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 112. Related examples are available. Values Negative affix (396 languages) Negative particle (502 languages) Negative auxiliary verb (47 languages) Negative word, unclear if verb or particle (73 languages) Variation between negative word and affix (21 languages) Double negation (120 languages) Feature 113A: Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation by Matti Miestamo This feature is discussed in chapter 113. Related examples are available. Values Symmetric (114 languages) Asymmetric (53 languages) Both (130 languages) Feature 114A: Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation by Matti Miestamo This feature is discussed in chapter 114. Related examples are available. Values A/Fin (40 languages) A/NonReal (20 languages) A/Cat (82 languages) A/Fin and A/NonReal (9 languages) A/Fin and A/Cat (21 languages) A/NonReal and A/Cat (11 languages) Non-assignable (114 languages) Feature 115A: Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation by Martin Haspelmath This feature is discussed in chapter 115. Related examples are available. Values Predicate negation also present (170 languages) No predicate negation (11 languages) Mixed behaviour (13 languages) Negative existential construction (12 languages) Feature 116A: Polar Questions by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 116. Related examples are available. Values Question particle (584 languages) Interrogative verb morphology (164 languages) Mixture of previous two types (15 languages) Interrogative word order (13 languages) Absence of declarative morphemes (4 languages) Interrogative intonation only (173 languages) No interrogative-declarative distinction (1 languages) Feature 117A: Predicative Possession by Leon Stassen This feature is discussed in chapter 117. Related examples are available. Values Locational (48 languages) Genitive (22 languages) Topic (48 languages) Conjunctional (59 languages) 'Have' (63 languages) Feature 118A: Predicative Adjectives by Leon Stassen This feature is discussed in chapter 118. Related examples are available. Values Verbal encoding (151 languages) Nonverbal encoding (132 languages) Mixed (103 languages) Feature 119A: Nominal and Locational Predication by Leon Stassen This feature is discussed in chapter 119. Related examples are available. Values Different (269 languages) Identical (117 languages) Feature 120A: Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals by Leon Stassen This feature is discussed in chapter 120. Related examples are available. Values Impossible (211 languages) Possible (175 languages) Feature 121A: Comparative Constructions by Leon Stassen This feature is discussed in chapter 121. Related examples are available. Values Locational (78 languages) Exceed (33 languages) Conjoined (34 languages) Particle (22 languages) Feature 122A: Relativization on Subjects by Bernard Comrie and Tania Kuteva This feature is discussed in chapter 122. Related examples are available. Values Relative pronoun (12 languages) Non-reduction (24 languages) Pronoun-retention (5 languages) Gap (125 languages) Feature 123A: Relativization on Obliques by Bernard Comrie and Tania Kuteva This feature is discussed in chapter 123. Related examples are available. Values Relative pronoun (13 languages) Non-reduction (14 languages) Pronoun-retention (20 languages) Gap (55 languages) Not possible (10 languages) Feature 124A: 'Want' Complement Subjects by Martin Haspelmath This feature is discussed in chapter 124. Related examples are available. Values Subject is left implicit (144 languages) Subject is expressed overtly (72 languages) Both construction types exist (14 languages) Desiderative verbal affix (45 languages) Desiderative particle (8 languages) Feature 125A: Purpose Clauses by Sonia Cristofaro This feature is discussed in chapter 125. Related examples are available. Values Balanced (38 languages) Balanced/deranked (30 languages) Deranked (102 languages) Feature 126A: 'When' Clauses by Sonia Cristofaro This feature is discussed in chapter 126. Related examples are available. Values Balanced (84 languages) Balanced/deranked (39 languages) Deranked (51 languages) Feature 127A: Reason Clauses by Sonia Cristofaro This feature is discussed in chapter 127. Related examples are available. Values Balanced (90 languages) Balanced/deranked (37 languages) Deranked (42 languages) Feature 128A: Utterance Complement Clauses by Sonia Cristofaro This feature is discussed in chapter 128. Related examples are available. Values Balanced (114 languages) Balanced/deranked (18 languages) Deranked (11 languages) Feature 129A: Hand and Arm by Cecil H. Brown This feature is discussed in chapter 129. Related examples are available. Values Identical (228 languages) Different (389 languages) Feature 130A: Finger and Hand by Cecil H. Brown This feature is discussed in chapter 130. Related examples are available. Values Identical (72 languages) Different (521 languages) Feature 130B: Cultural Categories of Languages with Identity of 'Finger' and 'Hand' by Cecil H. Brown This feature is discussed in chapter 130. Values Hunter-gatherers (46 languages) Farmer-foragers (18 languages) Full-fledged farmers Feature 131A: Numeral Bases by Bernard Comrie This feature is discussed in chapter 131. Related examples are available. Values Decimal (125 languages) Hybrid vigesimal-decimal (22 languages) Pure vigesimal (20 languages) Other base (5 languages) Extended body-part system (4 languages) Restricted (20 languages) Feature 132A: Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories by Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi This feature is discussed in chapter 132. Values 3 (10 languages) 3.5 (3 languages) 4 (9 languages) 4.5 (1 languages) 5 (56 languages) 5.5 (11 languages) 6 (29 languages) Feature 133A: Number of Basic Colour Categories by Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi This feature is discussed in chapter 133. Values 3-4 (20 languages) 4.5-5.5 (26 languages) 6-6.5 (34 languages) 7-7.5 (14 languages) 8-8.5 (6 languages) 9-10 (8 languages) 11 (11 languages) Feature 134A: Green and Blue by Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi This feature is discussed in chapter 134. Values Green vs. blue (30 languages) Green/blue (68 languages) Black/green/blue (15 languages) Black/blue vs. green (2 languages) Yellow/green/blue (2 languages) Yellow/green vs. blue (1 languages) None (2 languages) Feature 135A: Red and Yellow by Paul Kay and Luisa Maffi This feature is discussed in chapter 135. Values Red vs. yellow (98 languages) Red/yellow (15 languages) Yellow/green/blue vs. red (3 languages) Yellow/green vs. red (1 languages) None (3 languages) Feature 136A: M-T Pronouns by Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson This feature is discussed in chapter 136. Related examples are available. Values No M-T pronouns (200 languages) M-T pronouns, paradigmatic (27 languages) M-T pronouns, non-paradigmatic (3 languages) Feature 136B: M in First Person Singular by Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson This feature is discussed in chapter 136. Values No m in first person singular (177 languages) m in first person singular (53 languages) Feature 137A: N-M Pronouns by Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson This feature is discussed in chapter 137. Related examples are available. Values No N-M pronouns (194 languages) N-M pronouns, paradigmatic (25 languages) N-M pronouns, non-paradigmatic (11 languages) Feature 137B: M in Second Person Singular by Johanna Nichols and David A. Peterson This feature is discussed in chapter 137. Values No m in second person singular (152 languages) m in second person singular (78 languages) Feature 138A: Tea by Östen Dahl This feature is discussed in chapter 138. Related examples are available. Values Words derived from Sinitic cha (109 languages) Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te (81 languages) Others (40 languages) Feature 142A: Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks by David Gil This feature is discussed in chapter 142. Values Logical meanings (47 languages) Affective meanings (71 languages) Other or none (25 languages) Feature 143A: Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values NegV (524 languages) VNeg (171 languages) [Neg-V] (162 languages) [V-Neg] (203 languages) Negative Tone (1 languages) Type 1 / Type 2 (22 languages) Type 1 / Type 3 (9 languages) Type 1 / Type 4 (12 languages) Type 2 / Type 3 (2 languages) Type 2 / Type 4 (9 languages) Type 3 / Type 4 (8 languages) Type 3 / Negative Infix (1 languages) OptSingleNeg (1 languages) ObligDoubleNeg (115 languages) OptDoubleNeg (80 languages) OptTripleNeg&ObligDoubleNeg (5 languages) OptTripleNeg&OptDoubleNeg (1 languages) Feature 143B: Obligatory Double Negation by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values NegVNeg (36 languages) Neg[V-Neg] (28 languages) [Neg-V]Neg (9 languages) [Neg-V-Neg] (27 languages) Negative tone & VNeg (1 languages) Negative tone & [Neg-V] (2 languages) NegNegV (2 languages) Neg[Neg-V] (2 languages) VNegNeg (2 languages) Type 1 / Type 2 (1 languages) Type 1 / Type 3 (1 languages) Type 1 / Type 5 (1 languages) Type 1 / Type 7 (1 languages) Type 1 / Type 9 (1 languages) Type 2 / Type 4 (1 languages) ObligDoubleNeg&OptTripleNeg (5 languages) Feature 143C: Optional Double Negation by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values NegV(Neg) (11 languages) (Neg)VNeg (20 languages) Neg[V(-Neg)] (5 languages) (Neg)[V-Neg] (5 languages) [Neg-V](Neg) (3 languages) [(Neg-)V]Neg (2 languages) [Neg-V(-Neg)] (5 languages) [(Neg-)V-Neg] (6 languages) V(Neg)Neg (2 languages) [V-Neg](Neg) (2 languages) Neg(Neg)V (1 languages) Neg[(Neg-)]V (3 languages) NegV&OptChangeVerbStem (1 languages) NegV/[Neg-V-Neg] (2 languages) VNeg/[Neg-V-Neg] (1 languages) [Neg-V]/NegVNeg (1 languages) NegV or NegativeTone&VNeg (1 languages) NegV/[V-Neg]/Neg[V-Neg] (4 languages) NegV/VNeg/NegVNeg (2 languages) NegV/[V-Neg]/[Neg-V-Neg] (1 languages) [Neg-V]/VNeg/[Neg-V-Neg] (1 languages) NegV/[Neg-V]/Neg[Neg-V] (1 languages) OptDoubleNeg&OptTripleNeg (1 languages) Feature 143D: Optional Triple Negation by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values (Neg)[Neg-V-Neg] (1 languages) [V-Neg]Neg&OptNegInfix or Pref (1 languages) NegVNeg/NegNegVNeg (1 languages) Neg[V-Neg]/NegVNeg&NegTone (1 languages) Neg[V(-Neg)]Neg/[Neg-V(-Neg)]Neg (1 languages) Neg[V-(Neg)](Neg) (1 languages) Feature 143E: Preverbal Negative Morphemes by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values NegV (682 languages) [Neg-V] (230 languages) NegV&[Neg-V] (23 languages) None (391 languages) Feature 143F: Postverbal Negative Morphemes by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values VNeg (289 languages) [V-Neg] (308 languages) VNeg&[V-Neg] (18 languages) None (711 languages) Feature 143G: Minor morphological means of signaling negation by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 143. Values NegTone (7 languages) NegInfix (2 languages) NegStemChange (1 languages) None (1316 languages) Feature 144A: Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 144. Values NegSVO (10 languages) SNegVO (112 languages) SVNegO (2 languages) SVONeg (81 languages) NegSOV (11 languages) SNegOV (15 languages) SONegV (65 languages) SOVNeg (49 languages) NegVSO (58 languages) VSNegO (1 languages) VSONeg (1 languages) NegVOS (18 languages) ONegVS (3 languages) OVNegS (1 languages) OSVNeg (1 languages) More than one position (91 languages) OptSingleNeg (1 languages) ObligDoubleNeg (102 languages) OptDoubleNeg (67 languages) MorphNeg (334 languages) Other (168 languages) Feature 144B: Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 144. Values Beginning, not immed preverbal (44 languages) Preverbal, not beginning or immed (18 languages) Immed preverbal (339 languages) Immed postverbal (92 languages) Postverbal, not immed or end (1 languages) End, not immed postverbal (115 languages) Feature 144C: Languages with different word order in negative clauses by Matthew S. Dryer This feature is discussed in chapter 144. Values VSO, but NegSVO (6 languages) SVO, but SNegOV (3 languages) SVO, but SONegV (1 languages) SVO, but SOVNeg (1 languages) SVO, but NegVSO (1 languages) SVO but SO[V-Neg] (1 languages) SVO but SO[Neg-V] (1 languages) OSV but NegSVO/O[Neg-V]S (1 languages) SVO, but NegSNegOV (1 languages) SVO, but SONeg[V-Neg]/SO[Neg-V-Neg] (1 languages) SOV but SONeg[V-Neg]/S[Neg-V-Neg] O (1 languages) SVO/VSO, but NegSVONeg (1 languages) SVO/VSO, but [Neg-V]SO(Neg) (1 languages) SVO/SOV, but SVONeg (5 languages) SVO/SOV, but SNegVO (1 languages) SVO/SOV, but SNegOV (1 languages) SVO/SOV, but SOVNeg (1 languages)