"Alignment of Verbal Person Marking" => array( "Neutral" => 84, "Accusative" => 212, "Ergative" => 19, "Active" => 26, "Hierarchical" => 11, "Split" => 28, ), "Expression of Pronominal Subjects" => array( "Obligatory pronouns in subject position" => 82, "Subject affixes on verb" => 437, "Subject clitics on variable host" => 32, "Subject pronouns in different position" => 67, "Optional pronouns in subject position" => 61, "Mixed" => 32, ), "Verbal Person Marking" => array( "No person marking" => 82, "Only the A argument" => 73, "Only the P argument" => 24, "A or P argument" => 6, "Both the A and P arguments" => 193, ), "Third Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking" => array( "No person marking" => 96, "No zero realization" => 181, "Zero in some 3sg forms" => 21, "Zero in all 3sg forms" => 45, "Zero in all 3rd person forms" => 36, "Zero only in 3rd nonsingular" => 1, ), "Order of Person Markers on the Verb" => array( "A and P do not or do not both occur on the verb" => 187, "A precedes P" => 96, "P precedes A" => 57, "Both orders of A and P occur" => 19, "A and P are fused" => 20, ), "Ditransitive Construction" => array( "Indirect-object construction" => 189, "Double-object construction" => 83, "Secondary-object construction" => 66, "Mixed" => 40, ), "Reciprocal Constructions" => array( "No reciprocals" => 16, "Distinct from reflexive" => 99, "Mixed" => 16, "Identical to reflexive" => 44, ), "Passive Constructions" => array( "Present" => 162, "Absent" => 211, ), "Antipassive Constructions" => array( "Implicit patient" => 18, "Oblique patient" => 30, "No antipassive" => 146, ), "Productivity of the Antipassive Construction" => array( "productive" => 24, "partially productive" => 14, "not productive" => 2, "no antipassive" => 146, ), "Applicative Constructions" => array( "Benefactive object; both bases" => 16, "Benefactive object; only transitive" => 4, "Benefactive and other; both bases" => 49, "Benefactive and other; only transitive" => 2, "Non-benefactive object; both bases" => 9, "Non-benefactive object; only transitive" => 1, "Non-benefactive object; only intransitive" => 2, "No applicative construction" => 100, ), "Other Roles of Applied Objects" => array( "Instrument" => 17, "Locative" => 18, "Instrument and locative" => 12, "No other roles (= Only benefactive)" => 36, "No applicative construction" => 100, ), "Periphrastic Causative Constructions" => array( "Sequential but no purposive" => 35, "Purposive but no sequential" => 68, "Both" => 15, ), "Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions" => array( "Neither" => 23, "Morphological but no compound" => 254, "Compound but no morphological" => 9, "Both" => 24, ), "Negative Morphemes" => array( "Negative affix" => 396, "Negative particle" => 502, "Negative auxiliary verb" => 47, "Negative word, unclear if verb or particle" => 73, "Variation between negative word and affix" => 21, "Double negation" => 120, ), "Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation" => array( "Symmetric" => 114, "Asymmetric" => 53, "Both" => 130, ), "Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation" => array( "A/Fin" => 40, "A/NonReal" => 20, "A/Cat" => 82, "A/Fin and A/NonReal" => 9, "A/Fin and A/Cat" => 21, "A/NonReal and A/Cat" => 11, "Non-assignable" => 114, ), "Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation" => array( "Predicate negation also present" => 170, "No predicate negation" => 11, "Mixed behaviour" => 13, "Negative existential construction" => 12, ), "Polar Questions" => array( "Question particle" => 584, "Interrogative verb morphology" => 164, "Mixture of previous two types" => 15, "Interrogative word order" => 13, "Absence of declarative morphemes" => 4, "Interrogative intonation only" => 173, "No interrogative-declarative distinction" => 1, ), "Predicative Possession" => array( "Locational" => 48, "Genitive" => 22, "Topic" => 48, "Conjunctional" => 59, "'Have'" => 63, ), "Predicative Adjectives" => array( "Verbal encoding" => 151, "Nonverbal encoding" => 132, "Mixed" => 103, ), "Nominal and Locational Predication" => array( "Different" => 269, "Identical" => 117, ), "Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals" => array( "Impossible" => 211, "Possible" => 175, ), "Comparative Constructions" => array( "Locational" => 78, "Exceed" => 33, "Conjoined" => 34, "Particle" => 22, ), "Relativization on Subjects" => array( "Relative pronoun" => 12, "Non-reduction" => 24, "Pronoun-retention" => 5, "Gap" => 125, ), "Relativization on Obliques" => array( "Relative pronoun" => 13, "Non-reduction" => 14, "Pronoun-retention" => 20, "Gap" => 55, "Not possible" => 10, ), "'Want' Complement Subjects" => array( "Subject is left implicit" => 144, "Subject is expressed overtly" => 72, "Both construction types exist" => 14, "Desiderative verbal affix" => 45, "Desiderative particle" => 8, ), "Purpose Clauses" => array( "Balanced" => 38, "Balanced/deranked" => 30, "Deranked" => 102, ), "'When' Clauses" => array( "Balanced" => 84, "Balanced/deranked" => 39, "Deranked" => 51, ), "Reason Clauses" => array( "Balanced" => 90, "Balanced/deranked" => 37, "Deranked" => 42, ), "Utterance Complement Clauses" => array( "Balanced" => 114, "Balanced/deranked" => 18, "Deranked" => 11, ), "Hand and Arm" => array( "Identical" => 228, "Different" => 389, ), "Finger and Hand" => array( "Identical" => 72, "Different" => 521, ), "Cultural Categories of Languages with Identity of 'Finger' and 'Hand'" => array( "Hunter-gatherers" => 46, "Farmer-foragers" => 18, ), "Numeral Bases" => array( "Decimal" => 125, "Hybrid vigesimal-decimal" => 22, "Pure vigesimal" => 20, "Other base" => 5, "Extended body-part system" => 4, "Restricted" => 20, ), "Number of Non-Derived Basic Colour Categories" => array( "3" => 10, "3.5" => 3, "4" => 9, "4.5" => 1, "5" => 56, "5.5" => 11, "6" => 29, ), "Number of Basic Colour Categories" => array( "3-4" => 20, "4.5-5.5" => 26, "6-6.5" => 34, "7-7.5" => 14, "8-8.5" => 6, "9-10" => 8, "11" => 11, ), "Green and Blue" => array( "Green vs. blue" => 30, "Green/blue" => 68, "Black/green/blue" => 15, "Black/blue vs. green" => 2, "Yellow/green/blue" => 2, "Yellow/green vs. blue" => 1, "None" => 2, ), "Red and Yellow" => array( "Red vs. yellow" => 98, "Red/yellow" => 15, "Yellow/green/blue vs. red" => 3, "Yellow/green vs. red" => 1, "None" => 3, ), "M-T Pronouns" => array( "No M-T pronouns" => 200, "M-T pronouns, paradigmatic" => 27, "M-T pronouns, non-paradigmatic" => 3, ), "M in First Person Singular" => array( "No m in first person singular" => 177, "m in first person singular" => 53, ), "N-M Pronouns" => array( "No N-M pronouns" => 194, "N-M pronouns, paradigmatic" => 25, "N-M pronouns, non-paradigmatic" => 11, ), "M in Second Person Singular" => array( "No m in second person singular" => 152, "m in second person singular" => 78, ), "Tea" => array( "Words derived from Sinitic cha" => 109, "Words derived from Min Nan Chinese te" => 81, "Others" => 40, ), "Para-Linguistic Usages of Clicks" => array( "Logical meanings" => 47, "Affective meanings" => 71, "Other or none" => 25, ), "Order of Negative Morpheme and Verb" => array( "NegV" => 524, "VNeg" => 171, "[Neg-V]" => 162, "[V-Neg]" => 203, "Negative Tone" => 1, "Type 1 / Type 2" => 22, "Type 1 / Type 3" => 9, "Type 1 / Type 4" => 12, "Type 2 / Type 3" => 2, "Type 2 / Type 4" => 9, "Type 3 / Type 4" => 8, "Type 3 / Negative Infix" => 1, "OptSingleNeg" => 1, "ObligDoubleNeg" => 115, "OptDoubleNeg" => 80, "OptTripleNeg&ObligDoubleNeg" => 5, "OptTripleNeg&OptDoubleNeg" => 1, ), "Obligatory Double Negation" => array( "NegVNeg" => 36, "Neg[V-Neg]" => 28, "[Neg-V]Neg" => 9, "[Neg-V-Neg]" => 27, "Negative tone & VNeg" => 1, "Negative tone & [Neg-V]" => 2, "NegNegV" => 2, "Neg[Neg-V]" => 2, "VNegNeg" => 2, "Type 1 / Type 2" => 1, "Type 1 / Type 3" => 1, "Type 1 / Type 5" => 1, "Type 1 / Type 7" => 1, "Type 1 / Type 9" => 1, "Type 2 / Type 4" => 1, "ObligDoubleNeg&OptTripleNeg" => 5, ), "Optional Double Negation" => array( "NegV(Neg)" => 11, "(Neg)VNeg" => 20, "Neg[V(-Neg)]" => 5, "(Neg)[V-Neg]" => 5, "[Neg-V](Neg)" => 3, "[(Neg-)V]Neg" => 2, "[Neg-V(-Neg)]" => 5, "[(Neg-)V-Neg]" => 6, "V(Neg)Neg" => 2, "[V-Neg](Neg)" => 2, "Neg(Neg)V" => 1, "Neg[(Neg-)]V" => 3, "NegV&OptChangeVerbStem" => 1, "NegV/[Neg-V-Neg]" => 2, "VNeg/[Neg-V-Neg]" => 1, "[Neg-V]/NegVNeg" => 1, "NegV or NegativeTone&VNeg" => 1, "NegV/[V-Neg]/Neg[V-Neg]" => 4, "NegV/VNeg/NegVNeg" => 2, "NegV/[V-Neg]/[Neg-V-Neg]" => 1, "[Neg-V]/VNeg/[Neg-V-Neg]" => 1, "NegV/[Neg-V]/Neg[Neg-V]" => 1, "OptDoubleNeg&OptTripleNeg" => 1, ), "Optional Triple Negation" => array( "(Neg)[Neg-V-Neg]" => 1, "[V-Neg]Neg&OptNegInfix or Pref" => 1, "NegVNeg/NegNegVNeg" => 1, "Neg[V-Neg]/NegVNeg&NegTone" => 1, "Neg[V(-Neg)]Neg/[Neg-V(-Neg)]Neg" => 1, "Neg[V-(Neg)](Neg)" => 1, ), "Preverbal Negative Morphemes" => array( "NegV" => 682, "[Neg-V]" => 230, "NegV&[Neg-V]" => 23, "None" => 391, ), "Postverbal Negative Morphemes" => array( "VNeg" => 289, "[V-Neg]" => 308, "VNeg&[V-Neg]" => 18, "None" => 711, ), "Minor morphological means of signaling negation" => array( "NegTone" => 7, "NegInfix" => 2, "NegStemChange" => 1, "None" => 1316, ), "Position of Negative Word With Respect to Subject, Object, and Verb" => array( "NegSVO" => 10, "SNegVO" => 112, "SVNegO" => 2, "SVONeg" => 81, "NegSOV" => 11, "SNegOV" => 15, "SONegV" => 65, "SOVNeg" => 49, "NegVSO" => 58, "VSNegO" => 1, "VSONeg" => 1, "NegVOS" => 18, "ONegVS" => 3, "OVNegS" => 1, "OSVNeg" => 1, "More than one position" => 91, "OptSingleNeg" => 1, "ObligDoubleNeg" => 102, "OptDoubleNeg" => 67, "MorphNeg" => 334, "Other" => 168, ), "Position of negative words relative to beginning and end of clause and with respect to adjacency to verb" => array( "Beginning, not immed preverbal" => 44, "Preverbal, not beginning or immed" => 18, "Immed preverbal" => 339, "Immed postverbal" => 92, "Postverbal, not immed or end" => 1, "End, not immed postverbal" => 115, ), "Languages with different word order in negative clauses" => array( "VSO, but NegSVO" => 6, "SVO, but SNegOV" => 3, "SVO, but SONegV" => 1, "SVO, but SOVNeg" => 1, "SVO, but NegVSO" => 1, "SVO but SO[V-Neg]" => 1, "SVO but SO[Neg-V]" => 1, "OSV but NegSVO/O[Neg-V]S" => 1, "SVO, but NegSNegOV" => 1, "SVO, but SONeg[V-Neg]/SO[Neg-V-Neg]" => 1, "SOV but SONeg[V-Neg]/S[Neg-V-Neg] O" => 1, "SVO/VSO, but NegSVONeg" => 1, "SVO/VSO, but [Neg-V]SO(Neg)" => 1, "SVO/SOV, but SVONeg" => 5, "SVO/SOV, but SNegVO" => 1, "SVO/SOV, but SNegOV" => 1, "SVO/SOV, but SOVNeg" => 1, ),